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Geographical dimensions of terrorist activites by the ETA organization in Basque Country and Spain
Vavřička, Ondřej ; Lepič, Martin (advisor) ; Jelen, Libor (referee)
Geographic dimension of terrorist activites of ETA organization in Basque Country and Spain Abstract The submitted thesis maps terroristic activities of the ETA organization and searches for connections between the affected area and a specific local context. The levels of provinces were used for the analysis of the attack location within Spanish Kingdom. The time of the organisation activity was divided into the period of Franco's Dictatorship, the period of democracy and a special transitional period in between those two forms of government. The assumption that the fall of Franco's regime would fundamentally change the locations of the attacks was not confirmed by this thesis, although the partial changes occur. The following part concentrates on autonomous Basque Country. At the level of comarcas, any correlation between a region and it's selected socioekconomic indicators was not discovered. Competitive explanation is that most of the attacks are focused on administrative and regional centres. This coincides with the main assumption which prefer the symbolic importance of the area, rather then socioeconomic status.
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Why did ETA leave violence as a mean of achieving its goals?
Mareček, Ondřej ; Kasáková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Mejstřík, Martin (referee)
The bachelor thesis studies the terrorist group ETA and its development in the second half of the 20th century and focuses on its retreating popularity at the beginning of the 21st century. Leaving violence as a mean of achieving the Basque Independence in 2011 will be the newest event for my work. In the paper I will focus on changing public opinion on the ETA group, which goes hand in hand with the democratization process and the loss of legitimacy of armed resistance. Next, I will monitor the extent to which the Spanish federal government was fighting this group and the influence on such success of Spain's entry into the EU. Loss of public opinion support further delegitimize the ETA's activities. The work also discusses the Basque political parties, especially extremist ones and the development of their popularity over time. The conclusion of the paper will outline where nationalist terrorism in the Basque country can go further or whether it is a closed chapter in Spanish history. However, given the history of the breach of truce by the ETA, it is probably just a short interim period.
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Demise and Disintegration of Nationalist Terrorist Groups
Štekl, Jakub ; Bureš, Oldřich (advisor) ; Kocmanová, Markéta (referee)
The thesis is focused on the process of demise and disintegration of nationalist terrorist groups. The case studies of terrorism in Northern Ireland and Basque region in Spain demonstrate and analyze the development of local terrorist organizations from the beginning to the cessation of violent actions. An emphasis is put especially on the end of armed campaign and transformation of nationalist activities within a legal framework. In the case of Northern Ireland, the focus is put on the activities of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) from the beginning of the Troubles to the Belfast Agreement in 1998. The research in this thesis includes the influence of affiliated political parties - Sinn Féin in this case - on the process of negotiations and the continuation of Northern Irish nationalism after the end of armed campaign. The Basque case is devoted to the development of Basque nationalism since the beginning of the 20th century, the creation and development of Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) and its terrorist campaign within both the Francoist regime and Spanish democracy. An emphasis is put on the development of the organization until its official dissolution in 2018, activities of the political parties of the Nationalist Left affiliated to ETA and the attitude of Spanish authorities to...
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Bertsolaritza tradition in the context of language revival and politics in contemporary Basque Country
Chochola, Martin ; Halbich, Marek (advisor) ; Kandert, Josef (referee) ; Grygar, Jakub (referee)
This doctoral thesis deals with bertsolaritza - Basque poetic improvization - in its relation to language revival and politics in contemporary Basque country. In terms of methodology, this paper is based on anthropological fieldwork combined with the study of secondary data. Theoretical framework uses concepts of ethnicity and nationalism, anthropology of art, theory of poetry and performance as well as concepts of political anthropology. The issue is built on three fields: history of basque nationalism, language revival and bertsolaritza. Bertsolaritza is depicted as an artistic activity that participates on the construction of collective identity of euskaldunak (speakers of Basque). The core analysis is focused on 2013 Championship (Bertsolari Txapelketa Nagusia) in improvised poetry and its link to the basque political discourse 2011-2013. Bertsolaritza is to be understood as an expression of sociopolitical reflections within the frame of izquierda abertzale (nationalist left) as well as an open artistic reflection of a variety of socially relevant issues.
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Reflection of Basque autonomy in Spanish and Basque media
Lengyelová, Patricie ; Mejstřík, Martin (advisor) ; Menclová, Barbora (referee)
This bachelor thesis analyses the way in which the centrally oriented Spanish media El País and El Diario Vasco portrayed the autonomous tendencies in the Basque Country, focusing on the referendum on the Statute of Autonomy in 1979. The aim is to give analysis of published articles on this subject in the methodology of discourse analysis. In the theoretical introduction the thesis defines terms such as regionalism, nationalism, and others. The contextualization is characterized by the political-historical characteristics of the development of the Basque Country. In the analytical part the thesis focuses on the period of three months before the referendum until the ratification of the Statute of Autonomy in Congress and the Senate. The main analysed articles were editorials published by both journals, as well as subjective elements contained in articles on Basque autonomy. The thesis reflects on the influence of media on social consensus and on their objectivity and concludes that although both diaries supported the creation of Basque autonomy, the regional newspaper El Diario Vasco emphasized its neutral stance and tolerance to both sides, for and against the autonomy. El País, on the other hand, strongly condemned the parties that were refusing to vote in favor of autonomy and propagated the approval of...
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Geographical dimensions of terrorist activites by the ETA organization in Basque Country and Spain
Vavřička, Ondřej ; Lepič, Martin (advisor) ; Jelen, Libor (referee)
Geographic dimension of terrorist activites of ETA organization in Basque Country and Spain Abstract The submitted thesis maps terroristic activities of the ETA organization and searches for connections between the affected area and a specific local context. The levels of provinces were used for the analysis of the attack location within Spanish Kingdom. The time of the organisation activity was divided into the period of Franco's Dictatorship, the period of democracy and a special transitional period in between those two forms of government. The assumption that the fall of Franco's regime would fundamentally change the locations of the attacks was not confirmed by this thesis, although the partial changes occur. The following part concentrates on autonomous Basque Country. At the level of comarcas, any correlation between a region and it's selected socioekconomic indicators was not discovered. Competitive explanation is that most of the attacks are focused on administrative and regional centres. This coincides with the main assumption which prefer the symbolic importance of the area, rather then socioeconomic status.
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Functioning of nationalist and separatist organisations. Comparative study of IRA and ETA
Vyšatová, Eliška ; Krausz Hladká, Malvína (advisor) ; Riegl, Martin (referee)
UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD Institut politologických studií Eliška Vyšatová Praha 2014 Diploma thesis: The Functioning of national-separatist organizations. A Comparative study of the IRA and ETA Abstract: The diploma thesis "The Functioning of National-Separatist Organizations. A Comparative Study of IRA and ETA" deals with two West European national-separatist organizations as well as the phenomenon of political terrorism and ethnic conflict. The selected organizations are unique among other ones as to their history and the way of functioning, and for these reasons they have been chosen for this study. Both organizations can be considered the main source of conflict in the national separatist movement in Basque Country and Northern Ireland from the beginning of the 20th century. The basic premise is that both IRA and ETA reach their aim, which can be generalised as independence of the national states, which they are a part of, in a specific way, it being primarily terrorism. The main aim of this paper is to compare various aspects of functioning of IRA and ETA and, on the basis of these results, to evaluate if we can consider these as two organizations different from other groups of this kind as well as different from each other, although they demonstrate some similar...
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The Securitization of Terrorism: The Evolution of Debate on Detention Measures in the United Kingdom and in Spain
Vrubel, Jan ; Weiss, Tomáš (advisor) ; Šlosarčík, Ivo (referee)
The thesis deals with the theme of counter-terrorism legislation in two West European countries, namely in the United Kingdom and in Spain. Specifically I focus on the topic of detention measures (particularly on the specifics of the means of detention of suspects of terrorism) and on the attempts of their toughening in both of the states named above. On the present issue I apply the theory of securitization, through which I examine the debate on toughening the detention measures, which occurred in both of these countries. The text of the thesis comprises of two long historical chapters and a comparative final one. The first two chapters deal with the complicated development of terrorist threats and counter-terrorist reaction with a special focus on detention measures. The main goal is to introduce the extensive matter of counter-terrorist legislation and to integrate the principal topic in a broader context. The final chapter consists of several shorter parts, which allow the comparison of distinct attitudes of both states. After 9/11 both the United Kingdom and Spain chose different strategies how to deal with the threat of terrorism legislatively and how to toughen the measures examined. The main research question is how the securitization of terrorism in the United Kingdom and in Spain differed...
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